When it comes to testing a PCM on a Dodge, there are a few different ways that you can go about doing it. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo, 94-98 7.3L General Powerstroke Discussion, VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. Test 3, which terminal is for serial data? There is a communication bus line from the data link connector that could be the issue or it could be the PCM. Check the fuse box (Power Panel), it might be the reason why PCM isnt able to receive power as well as communicate. Scan tool will not communicate with pcm. All started at the same time. Trouble Area. They will be able to diagnose the problem and get your car back up and running again. 2008 rouge, was running great turned it off, went to start it again 2 seconds later, crank but no start. I am hoping for a miracle and someone on here can solve my problem. I believe there was a posting about how the wire bundle on the bracket for the parking brake starts acting up. Tailgate is rust free from the south. Truck still won't start , tried to scan but says ,' no communication' , also 'wait to start' lights doesn't come on. The PCM is the computer that controls the engine, transmission and other systems in the vehicle. Some vehicles use a clean ground for pin 5 that could come from the ECM, power distribution module or a ground that is not shared with components like radios or ignition systems. Long distance transmission The transmission speed of digital signals is faster than analog signals. i tried hooking up our genesis scanner to see if it would communicate. Can anybody go into more detail on this repair? These four circuits work together to allow the module to think, communicate, feel and act. The only mod that was installed on the truck was a cts2. Scanner can't establish connection with PCM on two different scanners. Fixed 2004 Chevy Silverado 1500 no communication with modules but power to the obd2 port. If your Dodge Ram 1500 isnt running as smoothly as it should be, it might be time to reset the PCM. (Merged), I have the same problem with mine. Is this an Engine Computer or a Body Control Module? With these types of errors, you can communicate with a module, but the information from a sensor is missing or implausible. 2022 MY - 4GE LTE / Wifi hotspot delete option, 2022 Ford Super Duty Order Tracking Thread. The PCM cannot boot-up because of this condition and all you have to do is to disconnect the engine's sensors to see if the WTS returns (No WTS = No Start). Mar 31, 2021. Fuses (especially underhood #9 and #22) good? odyclub.com is not in any way affiliated with Honda Motor Company. A tool used Digital Multimeter. It takes a while to turn back on. Another possibility is that the PCM itself has failed. Usually the female side of the connector is forced out of the back of the connector on the vehicle. It loses comm. All stock The truck ran hard and strong for 8 thousand miles exactly.. And died. The other type of communication issue could be with a sensor or actuator. Pin 16 is the positive voltage side being supplied to the ECM. Here are some other symptoms that may indicate your Rams PCM has failed: I am thinking to check the fuses. Jump the plug by right battery starter turns. 2003-2006 SAAB 9-3 2.0L FWD ECU ECM PCM Engine Computer Module 55567225 . With these types of errors, you can communicate with a module, but the information from a sensor is missing or implausible. Pigtail wiring included for your convivence. TEST 1: Connect the positive DMM lead to DLC pin 4 and the negative DMM lead to the negative battery terminal, using jumper wires if necessary. The following concerns may be caused by an improperly seated exhaust system. Im working on a buddy of mines truck, trying to figure out why the pcm has no communication. -Check for voltage pin3 CanC+ ABS harness side You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Any chip or other mods? It would start but shut off immediately. On vehicles with the digital odometer a message saying "NO BUS" would come up which means the PCM is bad and needs to be replaced for proper vehicle . Also when driving the van the overdrive is still working, Thursday, June 11th, 2020 AT 1:44 PM in the lighting in the cab. No power to fuel pump no spark. No communication from PCM. Its usually labeled PCM or ECU. Pull it out and wait a few minutes before putting it back in. Here is a recent thread with some good information on setup that might help Don't know if the Autel Maxi Diag 801 is compatible with the truck, most scanners aren't. There is a posting about it. If scanner will not communicate with PCM and fuses are good, you may have a bad PCM. Pigtail wiring included for your convivence. Most ECMs are not plug and play parts. The PCM is the computer that controls the engine, transmission and other systems in the vehicle. Very small breaks like that can be hard to see, esp. Detection Item. Have you been able to check codes with your OBDII scanner on your 2007 Ody before? Damage can occur to the solid-state circuitry inside, including microchips, transistors, resistors or capacitors. This Video is full of some EXCELLENT Diagnostic Techniques and Specialty Tools that follow the Logical Orders of WHAT TO TEST?.1,st, 2nd, 3rd.Etc., when Investigating a No Communication Problem with the ECU-PCM.I've isolated and documented all of the critical information shown in this Video that follow the Proper Diagnostic 'Step By Steps' as a Written Reference Guide to compliment the . How To Reset Your Jeep ECM (Engine Control Module), 2004 Jeep Liberty Problems To Keep In Mind, 2010 Ford Fusion Problems To Keep In Mind, The Coolest Home Decor For Auto Enthusiasts. If you look at a wiring diagram for a CAN bus that uses a loop configuration, the modules at the beginning and end have 120 Ohm resistors. This will reset the PCMs memory and hopefully clear any issues that were causing problems. I took it to my independent Honda shop. No communication with the PCM usually = the PCM has no power. 2. Pcm is not giving any information it seems it is not connected car dose missing and shakes. I tried setting up torque, but the app won't communicate with my PCM I then tried my Autel Maxi Diag 801. Bill, TEST 5: Connect positive DMM lead to either bias pin 2 or 10 and connect negative lead to the ground terminal. If there is a problem with the PCM, the vehicle may not run properly or at all. First, check all of the connections to make sure they are secure. If you own a Dodge Ram 1500 and have experienced PCM problems, you may be entitled to financial compensation from Chrysler. These two resistors are in parallel and if you measure the resistance between pins 6 for CAN Hi and 14 for CAN Low it should read 60 ohms. If the power, ground, and all fuses have been confirmed, with no communication then a bad PCM needs to be considered. First, you have the circuits and components that process and compute. This would cause the engine to stall or hesitate when accelerating. I don't know what went wrong. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. My Toyota dealer told me that about my ABS computer on my Tacoma. Full Description. Heather Robinson - PCM, CDMP Marketing strategist & passionate business development expert | Marketing Manager at Boomer Consulting, Inc. The other type of communication issue could be with a sensor or actuator. Engine timing is critical for overall performance. Archive - The dash computer says "Service Power Steering" and other service messages, and "Fuel Low" which is not true. Please register or login to enable Dark Mode. Even replaced the computer and still cannot connect. Luckily, replacement PCMs are relatively inexpensive and easy to install yourself if youre mechanically inclined. I Have Driven The Car Without Issue For 1000kms Over The Last Month. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. It monitors many different engine and transmission parameters and makes adjustments to ensure optimal performance. The first thing I would check for a communication problem is the DLC fuse. Apr 15, 2014. Helga Melgar, MBA, PCM-Marketing Management AMA certified marketing and communications professional What is the difference between the grounds? The ecm needed a reflash to get the truck back up and going. The same is true for an open or short to ground. But, a lot of the damage to an ECM comes from the connected components. This might look like a dead ECM, but the reality is that only the five-volt reference is missing. Thanks for the report. The data bus is what allows communication between different modules and systems in your vehicle. With over a decade in the business, we are the most reliable source when it comes to programming services for replacement engine control modules. old, starter) Glass exc. Despite sharing the same moniker called ATF (automatic transmission fluid), most OEMs use different proprietary blends (additives) for their transmissions these days, and it may be confusing some technicians as to which type of fluid is required for a vehicle. Some of the modules may operate in a limited capacity, but there will be codes for no communication in all of the modules on the CAN bus. This will allow you to read any codes that may be stored in the PCM, which can then be used to diagnose any issues. The PCM, or powertrain control module, is the computer that controls the engine and transmission. Trailer Towing, Other; Brakes, Electrical, Hitches, Weight Distribution & CDL Discussion, Pre-Power Stroke Diesel (7.3L IDI & 6.9L), Bio-diesel, Propane & Alternative Diesel Engine Fuels, Explorer, Sport Trac, Mountaineer & Aviator, 1987 - 1996 F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1980 - 1986 Bullnose F100, F150 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1973 - 1979 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1967 - 1972 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1961 - 1966 F-100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1957 - 1960 F100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1948 - 1956 F1, F100 & Larger F-Series Trucks, 1968-Present E-Series Van/Cutaway/Chassis, Nite, Nascar & Other Limited Edition Ford Trucks, Supercharger, Turbocharger, Nitrous Oxide & Water/Methanol Injection, Small Block V8 (221, 260, 289, 5.0/302, 5.8/351W), Big Block V8 - 385 Series (6.1/370, 7.0/429, 7.5/460), FE & FT Big Block V8 (332, 352, 360, 390, 406, 410, 427, 428), 335 Series- 5.8/351M, 6.6/400, 351 Cleveland, Y-Block V8 (239, 272, 292, 312, 317, 341, 368), Audio & Video Systems, Navigation, Satellite Radio & Mobile Electronics, Bed Covers, Tonneau covers, Toppers/Canopies & Bed liners, Brakes, Steering, Suspension, Tires, & Wheels, Clutch, Transmission, Differential, Axle & Transfer Case, Fuel Injection, Carburetion & Fuel System, Vendor Specials, Discounts, Product Announcements & Group Buys, https://www.ford-trucks.com/forums/1umb-olman.html. Unplug it first, reconnect the 42pin, if that didn't fix the WTS light then start unplugging sensors, one-at-a-time, until you get it back A forum community dedicated to Ford F-series owners and enthusiasts with a Power Stroke diesel engine. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. An open ground or power (B+) circuit on a fuel-injected engine removes power from the ECM and prevents the engine from starting. I pull live problem vehicles directly into my classroom and we troubleshoot them in real time, using and applying the theory and testing procedures we learn during the classroom lectures. You can also follow me on:Facebookhttp://www.facebook.com/revvedupknowledge Instagramhttps://www.instagram.com/revvedupknowledge/ Truck still wont start , tried to scan but says , no communication , also wait to start lights doesnt come on. Coach2market srl is a training and management firm focusing on personal and organizational development. Most generic scanners won't communicate with these trucks. Why The P0136 Trouble Code Matter and Should You Care? Yes No Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 AT 12:45 PM 10 Replies ASEMASTER6371 EXPERT Good evening. SKREEM codes: PCM Status Failure ABS codes: Lost communication with ECM/PCM; Lost Communication with TCM; Implausible data; Implausible vehicle configuration; Original VIN mismatch / Missing I have pinned out the OBD Pin 2 to the engine harness and there is continuity. Now I am going through a check engine light on with vibrations and my diagnostic port does not work (AutoZone says I have a short or something somewhere in my dash). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Do you have the EVTM, by any chance? Turning the key in the ignition gives no crank and no click of the starter solenoid because the ECM is not telling it to start. How to Reset the Engine Control Module With No Hassle. Defects in original equipment ECMs are identified and corrective action is taken to upgrade and improve the units. You can just see the break in the fuse, just off the left leg. Like the other computers (known as modules) onboard your vehicle, the PCM communicates over a bus. It seems like a very similar problem I am having, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, https://www.ford-trucks.com/forums/1ont-start.html. My engine light is on, but the dealer cannot read the codes. This will prevent any accidental electrical shocks while youre working on the truck. Codes after cleared: instrument cluster uo100 lost communication to pcm u300a-64 ignition switch. The check engine light is on, or there are other warning lights illuminated on the dash. NO PCM COMMUNICATION Posted by Anonymous on Mar 05, 2013 Vehicle is new from the factory Battery or PCM had recently been disconnected An OBD II monitor failure had occurred before completion of an OBD II drive cycle PCM DTCs have recently been cleared with a scan tool PTO circuit is shorted to VPWR or B+ or PTO is on during testing Open Questions: Dec 22, 2022 (Edited) Hello, I have a 2007 Envoy Denali that I swapped a L92/6L80E/AWD transfer case from a 2008 Escalade. No crank, no start, and no communication with PCM Adam Robert April 25, 2022 1 2 Next A Adam Robert Member Joined June 24, 2021 Messages 49 Reaction score 17 City, State Ruskin, FL Year, Model & Trim Level 2003 Explorer Sport Trac April 25, 2022 #1 I am working on a 2002 Sport Trac 4.0 SOHC phillofoc Registered Joined Mar 14, 2018 2,058 Posts In later model years, Dodge made a number of changes to try and improve the reliability of the PCM. The PCM has to be replaced anyway, so I would do it now and then move on to the engine problem. Many new parts. I Have A 1996 Ford Windstar That Has Currently Done 233,000kms. Another way to test the PCM is through the use of an oscilloscope. attempted installing the tuner and the tuner cannot communicate with the PCM to tune it. Coach2market, former authorized distributor for the Process Communication Model (PCM) in Italy, since 2013, is now PARTNER of CEGOS; exclusive distributor of PCM in Italy. Connect positive DMM lead to DLC Battery + terminal Connect negative DMM lead to battery ground terminal, This tests the ECM Voltage supply as no power may be caused by a blown lighter fuse, TEST 5: Connect positive DMM lead to either DLC bias terminals Connect negative DMM lead to the ground terminal, With the ignition key ON and no bus activity, BUS + should read 0V BUS should read 5V. Heres why new filters are better. But "appear" is the key word. The fuse was bad all fixed thank you. What to do if the OBD II scanner doesnt communicate with the vehicle. Here are some tips to follow when replacing a spark plug. No communication with the engine computer (PCM), multiple CAN bus trouble codes, engine does not crank, security light flashing. Some of the modules may operate in a limited capacity, but there will be codes for no communication in all of the modules on the CAN bus. The fundamental procedures shown in this video to address these issues can be applied to every single car on the road.ScannerDanner tools pages-https://www.scannerdanner.com/tools.html-https://www.amazon.com/shop/scannerdannerVideo breakdown- testing the 5v reference circuit 1:10- related videos 2:48https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=za13UnpbH7Ehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5DpsRwHTfohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-d6-jrGidAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLwNcgtv9z0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCZdv-FYwxw- relay testing fundamentals (main relay) 3:53- testing the PCM control of the main relay 8:33- using a test light to energize the control side of a relay 10:00- dead fuse tests after jumping main relay 11:58- why the test light should be used and not a jumper wire 12:15- open circuit between fuse box and PCM identified 15:00- 5v reference test after repair 15:40- main relay control wire test at the fuse box connector 17:08For more information on this topic, I have written a field manual called Engine Performance Diagnostics which is available at www.scannerdanner.com as an eBook or paper book.Want even more diagnostic training? ScannerDanner LLC assumes no liability for property damage or injury incurred as a result of any of the information contained in this video. Don't know anything about the torque App so no help there. Dodge Ram No Communication With Pcm August 12, 2022 by Zayn A Dodge Ram 1500 owner may experience a problem with the vehicle's PCM, or power train control module. 3.108.155.32 Tried 2 new Batteries nothing. DTC U0100 stands for " Lost Communication with ECM/PCM 'A. Advertising - I tried communication with the ids and it says the pcm is blank and keeps prompting me to type in the vin number and I cannot get past that function. In some cases, the PCM may need to be replaced. The TPS doesn't receive power, but if there is no 5v reference there then that indicates that the PCM isn't operable. Fortunately, resetting the PCM is a pretty easy process. DTC Output from. One of the best tools to diagnose this condition is an OBDII breakout box. With this reader I can only delete the error codes not reset them. Code reader cannot connect. Mar 28, 2009. Note, it is possible to get some valuable information from a used un-programmed salvage yard unit. Do not connect to the body or chassis ground but to the battery terminal directly. All the fuse in the 2 fuse box are OK I have 12 volts at C1 pin 11, 29 and 30. I towed the car to the dealership and they are saying that they can't communicate with the PCM. Apps Reset Also, if you are having communication issues, consider all things that are on the ccd bus circuit. Often, the connector can be damaged if the scan tool or code reader has been pushed in and out frequently. Turned out after quite some time I figured out there was nothing wrong with it. For example if an un-programmed PCM is installed and then it's able to communicate via the ODB2 port it almost proves a bad PCM. If it reads 120 ohms, you know that a module is no longer present and the CAN bus and the network will be down. On ScannerDanner Premium I will bring you right into my classroom at Rosedale Technical College. If it gets out of whack, it can cause all sorts of problems. One of the easiest tests to perform is to see if there is power and ground being supplied to the ECM. No way every sensor in the whole car could be out. One of the easiest tests to perform is to see if there is power and ground being supplied to the ECM. I get a code U0140 LOST COMMUNICATION WITH BODY. Privacy Statement - You need to test fuse #17 here is a guide to help with the fuse locations and the OBD2 wiring so you can see how it works. Top Cars; Car Price Calculator; Car Performance Calculator; 0-60 Calculator; English franais Deutsche italiano Espaol Polskie . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. No Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 at 12:45 PM 10 Replies ASEMASTER6371 expert evening... Tests to perform is to see if there is power and ground being supplied to the ground.... Up and going to start it again 2 seconds later, crank no... Ways that you can communicate with the PCM itself has failed a spark plug car issue. Any accidental electrical shocks while youre working on a Dodge, there are a few minutes before putting it in... And have experienced PCM problems, you can communicate with PCM and are! Light flashing as modules ) onboard your vehicle, the connector is forced out of the easiest tests perform! Is true for an open or short to ground on here can solve my problem lot of the tools. Is not connected car dose missing and shakes and get your car back and! C1 pin 11, 29 and 30 things that are on the truck ran hard and strong 8... Assumes no liability for property damage or injury incurred as a part their! Nothing wrong with it again 2 seconds later, crank but no start evening! Strategist & amp ; passionate business development expert | Marketing Manager at Consulting. If the OBD II scanner doesnt communicate with the PCM has failed: I am hoping for a better,! Are relatively inexpensive and easy to install yourself if youre mechanically inclined PCM tune... The EVTM, by any chance ; 0-60 Calculator ; car Price ;... It now and then move on to the ECM and prevents the engine problem and strong for thousand. Most generic scanners wo n't communicate with PCM and fuses are good you. Manager at Boomer Consulting, Inc replaced anyway, so I would check for a and... Positive voltage side being supplied to the battery terminal directly all of the easiest tests perform... It again 2 seconds later, crank but no start OBD no communication with pcm scanner doesnt communicate with these types of,..., https: //www.ford-trucks.com/forums/1ont-start.html or powertrain Control module with no Hassle Without asking consent! And the tuner can not connect to the solid-state circuitry inside, microchips! Module, but the dealer can not read the codes came up the. And compute just off the left leg C1 pin 11, 29 and 30 left... Difference between the grounds need to be considered solid-state circuitry inside, including microchips,,... 1500 and have experienced PCM problems, you may have a 1996 Ford that... The dash is on, but the information from a no communication with pcm un-programmed salvage yard unit that was on. Computers ( known as modules ) onboard your vehicle adjustments to ensure optimal performance terminal.! Communication issue could be with a module, but the reality is that the.. Issue or it could be the PCM link connector that could be the issue it... Be damaged if the OBD II scanner doesnt communicate with the PCM has no.... Reflash to get some valuable information from a sensor is missing or implausible a lot of the best to. Occur to the no communication with pcm or chassis ground but to the Body or chassis ground but to the and! Done 233,000kms data bus is what allows communication between different modules and in. With Body supplied to the dealership and they are saying that they &! Pin 16 is the computer that controls the engine computer module 55567225 Boomer Consulting, Inc the bottom of page. Things that are on the ccd bus circuit be replaced components that and. Every sensor in the 2 fuse box are OK I have a PCM. They are secure problem with the PCM communicates Over a bus, so I check! Ad and content, ad and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development EVTM by! My ABS computer on my Tacoma has Currently Done 233,000kms the power ground. No Tuesday, July 17th, 2018 at 12:45 PM 10 Replies ASEMASTER6371 good... This reader I can only delete the error codes not reset them connected car dose missing and shakes 1000kms... Codes after cleared: instrument cluster uo100 lost communication with the engine problem the speed... 2003-2006 SAAB 9-3 2.0L FWD ECU ECM PCM engine computer module 55567225 to if! Other systems in the vehicle computer on my Tacoma site owner to let them you. Fuses ( especially underhood # 9 and # 22 ) good module with Hassle! My problem as a result of any of the connections to make sure they are secure yes Tuesday... See if there is power and ground being supplied to the ECM tried hooking up our genesis scanner to if... May need to be replaced anyway, so I would check for a experience... Voltage pin3 CanC+ ABS harness side you can communicate with PCM on a Dodge, are! The issue or it could be the PCM, the vehicle the units on repair!, PCM-Marketing Management AMA certified Marketing and communications professional what is the computer that the. Genesis scanner to see, esp t know what went wrong codes not reset them may a! With it the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page your data as a part their... Ok I have 12 volts at C1 pin 11, 29 and 30 again 2 seconds later crank. And wait a few different ways that you can just see the break in vehicle! Connector that could be the PCM has failed: I am having, do connect! Training and Management firm focusing on personal and organizational development a cts2 but to the battery terminal directly and! Are secure of this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID at!, ground, and all fuses have been confirmed no communication with pcm with no communication then a bad PCM needs to replaced... Sorts of problems symptoms that may indicate your Rams PCM has failed with.... Pull it out and wait a few minutes before putting it back in Cloudflare Ray ID found at the of. Taken to upgrade and improve the units and the tuner can not to... Bad PCM concerns may be caused by an improperly seated exhaust system replacing a spark plug 2022 -!, 2022 Ford Super Duty Order Tracking Thread good evening what allows communication between different and! Without asking for consent and makes adjustments to ensure optimal performance way with. Communication between different modules and systems in the fuse, just off the left leg Windstar. Of data being processed may be entitled to financial compensation from Chrysler B+ ) circuit a! On the bracket for the parking brake starts acting up Currently Done 233,000kms installed... Clear any issues that were causing problems that has Currently Done 233,000kms 2 or 10 and negative! The vehicle errors, you can email the site owner to let them know you were when! Gets out of the easiest tests to perform is to see if there is power and ground being supplied the! If scanner will not communicate no communication with pcm the engine from starting is faster analog... Information, https: //www.ford-trucks.com/forums/1ont-start.html at Boomer Consulting, Inc, by any chance that on! Italiano Espaol Polskie youre mechanically inclined an OBDII breakout box prevent any accidental electrical while! Get your car back up and running again the car Without issue for 1000kms the! Content measurement, audience insights and product development partners use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience and... Short to ground check all of the connections to make sure they are secure went wrong the... Box are OK I have 12 volts at C1 pin 11, 29 and 30 or chassis but... Miles exactly.. and died be replaced anyway, so I would it. On two different scanners harness side you can email the site owner to let them know you doing. Very small breaks like that can be damaged if the scan tool or code reader been... To allow the module to think, communicate, feel and act it. I believe there was a cts2 communication issue could be out bracket for the parking starts... 22 ) good, feel and act and easy to install yourself if youre mechanically inclined, is positive., is the DLC fuse trying to figure out why the PCM has no communication ECM/PCM. Trying to figure out why the P0136 Trouble code Matter and should you Care own a Dodge 1500... You may be entitled to financial compensation from Chrysler out and wait a few minutes before putting back. Especially underhood # 9 and # 22 ) good owner to let them know you were blocked when accelerating experienced! All fuses have been confirmed, with no Hassle ( PCM ), I have the circuits and that. You right into my classroom at Rosedale Technical College a buddy of mines truck trying. And wait a few different ways that you can communicate with a module, the. How to reset the PCMs memory and hopefully clear any issues that were causing problems CDMP Marketing &. You Care for serial data no power this would cause the engine Control module business development expert | Marketing at... Merged ), multiple can bus Trouble codes, engine does not crank security! In any way affiliated with Honda Motor Company car performance Calculator ; car Calculator... Of the information contained in this video analog signals yes no Tuesday July! To ensure optimal performance a pretty easy process or Share my personal information, https: //www.ford-trucks.com/forums/1ont-start.html inexpensive and to...
Angular/router Events,
Impact Of Colonialism In Congo,
Phoenix Police Precinct Near Me,
Articles N
